How to Get Your Hand in Revising Descriptive Essays for Sale

When you buy a paper and get it back, there are no guarantees that it will be exactly what want or need it to be. Writers can’t read your mind. However, they should be professionals in their services. This is the part you may need to check yourself. Descriptive essays for sale are among one of the most popular choices for using writing companies, but whether it’s custom or a sample, the essay will probably need to be double-checked before you hand it in, especially if you have bought it for cheap. Here we will reveal the things that you should look for right when you receive your paper. If after checking these things, the paper is not to your satisfaction, you should send the paper back and ask for revisions. After all, you have paid for it, and the result should be the best possible. Plagiarism One of the biggest things that research papers get away with when you purchase them online is plagiarism. The issue here is that it can have an extremely negative affect if not caught by you before turning it in to your professor. Detected plagiarism can not only make it so you fail the class, but it can get you kicked out of school. Topics, ideas, and samples are all okay if taken from somewhere else, but they have to be developed and said in a new way. The best way to check for academic plagiarism is to download a plagiarism checker, or find one online, and run the paper through it. References Along with plagiarism, you’ll want to check the references listed in your dissertation. For example, the reference page could be formatted incorrectly, or within the paper, there are no quotation marks, parentheses, etc. References need to be correct to help avoid plagiarism. Also, the format needs to be the way your professor wants it to be. Check to see if it is in APA, MLA, Harvard, or whatever is needed. Structure When you write an essay in English, it’s important to have a good structure. Examples of the good structure are having the necessary essay parts (intro, body, conclusion). Each paragraph should be indented. Check the essay you have for these things to make sure they are in order. Mistakes Simple mistakes are bound to happen, even if you get the best of the best essay. You have to proofread the paper to make sure there are no mistakes. These could be grammar, speech, or spelling errors whatever. Just because you pay for a service, it doesn’t mean that all the work is done. You still need to do the things listed above to ensure that you have a ready term paper that will get a high mark. It may sound like a lot of extra work, and it is, but it will be worth it.

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Essay - 1323 Words

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Research was conducted to investigate Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, and some causes, affects, and treatment approaches. Not all individuals manifest or demonstrate the same depressive symptoms, which can make it difficult for clinicians to diagnose and treat. The American Psychiatric Association has categorized various depressive disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV, 1994). Researchers have investigated the validity of the DSM diagnostic criteria over the years, and have studied various treatment approaches. The treatment approach found to be most effective and used most often for treating depression is Cognitive and†¦show more content†¦The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM IV), identifies clinical depressive disorders by diagnostic categories. Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood is the diagnostic term used in the DSM IV, to identify a relatively mild form o f depression (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The focus of this research paper is on Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, and the treatment approach found to be the most effective. This research will include: (a) DSM-IV: validity of diagnostic criteria, (b) Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood: cause affect, and (c) treatment approaches: effective methods. DSM-IV: validity of diagnostic criteria Clinicians need to be able to differentiate between various depressive disorders in order to properly diagnose and treat them. The information in the DSM-IV allows clinicians to differentiate between the normal depressive mood state and those abnormal states that merit clinical intervention (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). How valid are the criteria in the DSM-IV? Over the years there have been several studies conducted that have validated the DSM classification system and the diagnostic criteria for adjustment disorders, which includes Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood (Snyder, Strain Wolf, 1990; Andresen Wasek, 1980; Andresen Hoenk, 1982). The DSM-IV not onlyShow MoreRelatedAdjustment Disorder With Mixed Anxiety And Depressed Mood Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesAdjustment Disorder is a psychiatric setting that is consists of different subcategories. In a category where anxiety and depressed mood is involved, di fferent treatments are given depending from person to person. In this particular research, the main focus is the Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood. Symptoms, treatments, etiology, and prognosis will be tackling in this research paper. Because this research is a personal experience of a loved one, some information is pertainingRead MoreChildhood Depression Essay638 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;for that reason. Children tend to express their sadness by behavioral changes, poor Recognizing the symptoms and early signs of childhood depression, seeking diagnosis and treatment and learning to live with and accept the disorder and still live for yourself are all important steps for knowledgeable parents. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Childhood depression has only been recognized as a real clinical problem for about twenty-two years. Before that time, children that exhibitedRead MoreSymptoms That Meet Criteria For Persistent Depressive Disorder ( Pdd ) Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesImpressions 300.4 (F34.1) Persistent Depressive Disorder, moderate, late onset, with pure dysthymic syndrome V62.5 (Z65.0) Conviction in Civil or Criminal Proceedings Without Imprisonment V61.03 (Z63.5) Disruption of Family by Separation or Divorce Diagnostic Evidence Jim is describing symptoms that meet criteria for persistent depressive disorder (PDD). In specific, he described symptoms that allow Criterion A, which requires the presence of a depressed mood for at least two years (American PsychiatricRead MoreClient Demographics, History, And Presenting Problem1488 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing D.D.’s low self-esteem and self-worth. Also, empowering D.D. and validating his feelings are essential in the counseling process. DSM-V Diagnosis Based on the given background information, my diagnosis for D.D. is Adjustment Disorder, with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood (309.28; F43.23). I have chosen this diagnosis because it most completely captures D.D.’s symptoms. According to the diagnosis, the symptoms must fit within 5 criteria. First, the development of emotional or behavioral symptomsRead MoreDepression Symptoms and Coping Mechanisms Essay600 Words   |  3 Pagesforgotten about. A single thought might trigger those feelings that played a role with that forgotten thought. Basic categories of depression according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) are Dysthymia, Major Depressive Disorder, Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, and Secondary depression. There are two other depression classifications that aren’t listed under DSM-IV manual that practitioners often use. They are Endogenous (Chemical) Depression and Exogenous (External)Read MoreThe Effects Of Depression On Children And Adolescents Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloping an understanding of the different disorders that have depressed mood as a symptom to be advocates for our students. When working in the school settings, we might encounter students who are experiencing stressful events such as the parents divorcing or family relocating. Thus, we learned about one of the most common types of depression that being adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Per John Hopkins University Health System, an adjustment disorder is an emotional or behavioral reaction toRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patient s Life1203 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making th e patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the mostRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patients Life1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof mental health disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the mostRead MoreSymptoms, Misdiagnosis, And Treatments1668 Words   |  7 Pages14.8 million American adults have in common according to Archives of General Psychiatry? That is approximately how many pe ople are affected by major depressive disorder every year in America. It is one of the most common mental illnesses. According to the American Psychological Association, unmarried women are less likely to be depressed than their married friends. But the opposite is true for men. Depression has always been an issue in America and it is increasing. The Merriam-Webster DictionaryRead MoreTeenage Depression Compared to Adult Depression Essay examples1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression is a mood disorder characterized by intense negative feelings and emotions. Depression goes beyond temporary feelings of sadness; it is a mental disorder that affects the way one’s mood is controlled by their brain. It is a serious medical illness that affects one’s thoughts, feelings, behavior, mood and physical health. These feelings can have a negative impact on a teenager’s life, leading to social, educational/vocational, personal and family difficulties. Depression is a real disorder that affects

When Does a Contract Become Enforceable free essay sample

By: Miriam J. Baer, Deputy Legal Counsel Have you ever been involved in a real estate transaction in which you were not certain whether the parties had a binding contract? Perhaps the buyer and seller had reached an oral agreement when another buyer made an offer on the property. Maybe one of the parties got cold feet and wanted to back out of the deal even after signing the contract. To determine whether parties have an enforceable contract, you must be familiar with two basic concepts of contract law: the Statute of Frauds and the concept of acceptance. The Statute of Frauds Every state has a law known as the Statute of Frauds, which requires certain contracts to be in writing in order to be enforceable. Included in the North Carolina Statute of Frauds are certain long-term leases and all contracts for the sale of land or any interest in land. We will write a custom essay sample on When Does a Contract Become Enforceable? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be enforceable, these leases and contracts must also be signed by the party to be charged; i. e. , the person against whom you want to enforce the contract. So, if one party has not signed a purchase contract, and has only orally agreed to its terms, he or she may not be held to the agreement. This means that if a buyer makes a written, signed offer to which a seller has only orally agreed, the agreement is not enforceable. If the seller receives a second offer, he is free to accept it. The Concept of Acceptance The second important concept in determining whether you have an enforceable contract is that of acceptance. Along with offer and consideration, acceptance is required in every contract between two or more parties in order for the contract to be legally valid. Generally, it is easy to determine when you have an offer in a real estate transaction. In North Carolina, a buyer usually makes the initial offer in writing, (often on the standard Offer to Purchase and Contract form), signs the offer and presents it to the seller or the sellers agent. Likewise, consideration something of value given to induce the other party to enter the contract is usually not an issue in real estate contracts. Typically, the buyer promises to give money or property to induce a seller to convey real property. This does not mean that earnest money is required to form an enforceable contract; the parties can form an enforceable contract without the buyer giving earnest money provided the other requirements are met. ) The remaining issue in real estate contracts, then, is the question of whether acceptance has occurred. Only when a contract has been properly accepted does it become enforce able. To achieve a valid acceptance, a contract for the sale of real estat( must meet two elements: signature and communication of acceptance. 1. Signature While a full signature is preferred, any mark will suffice including initials or even an Y (for instance, when one of the parties is unable to write) as long as it is made with the intent of the signer to be bound to the contract. There have even been cases in which a letterhead was considered a sufficient signature for a party. Similarly, the signature does not have to appear at the bottom of the document. Although it is preferable for the signature to be at the bottom, the contract will still be valid if the signature appears elsewhere. A party can therefore initial a contract at the side (as when rewriting a counteroffer) and be bound to the contract. 2. Communication of Acceptance Signature alone is not sufficient to constitute a valid acceptance: the accepting party must also communicate acceptance to the party who made the last offer or counteroffer. Assume, for example, that a buyer makes a written, signed offer which is delivered to the listing agent and then to the seller. The seller likes the offer exactly as written and signs it. Has a binding contract been created? No! The seller has not communicated acceptance back to the buyer. The contract will not be binding until the buyer (or the buyers agent) learns of the sellers acceptance. Unless the parties have agreed to a particular method of communication, communication of acceptance can be made in any manner that is convenient for the parties, and can even occur accidentally. Therefore, in a typical residential sales transaction, communication of acceptance can be made orally, e. . , by calling and advising the buyer of acceptance. This oral acceptance does not violate the Statute of Frauds because the contract itself has been written and signed. It is only the communication of acceptance that is oral. (Note that delivery of the contract document is not required to make a contract enforceable. The contract is formed at the time of communication. The real estate agent does, of course, have a duty to provide copies of the contract to the parties under the Real E state License Law. Because communication must be made to the other party in the transaction or to the other partys agent, it is important to know whether the real estate agents involved represent the buyer or the seller. a. Communicating acceptance of a buyers offer or counteroffer Suppose that a seller signs a buyers written offer and then tells the listing agent that he has accepted the offer. Is the sellers statement to the listing agent sufficient to create a binding contract? No. The seller has communicated acceptance only to his own agent, not to the buyer or to the buyers agent. So, the contract is not yet enforceable. Assume then that the listing agent tells the selling agent that the seller has signed and accepted the buyers offer. Has communication of acceptance been accomplished? The answer depends upon which party the selling agent represents. If the selling agent is a subagent of the seller, communication to the selling agent does not create a binding contract. However, if the selling agent is a buyers agent, communication to him is as good as communication to the buyer herself: the contract is enforceable once the buyer or the buyers agent learns that the seller has signed the buyers written, signed offer. b. Communicating acceptance of a sellers counteroffer Now suppose that the seller rejects the buyers offer but makes a written, signed counteroffer. To accept the sellers counteroffer, the buyer must do two things: (1) sign the counteroffer, and (2) communicate acceptance back to the seller or to the sellers agent. A signature, without communication, does not create a contract. Conversely, communication of acceptance, without a signature, does not create a contract. Remember that communication of the buyers acceptance must be made to the seller or to the sellers agent or subagent. If a buyer communicates acceptance to his own agent, i. e. , a buyers agent, no binding contract has been created. c. Oral negotiations Often after the buyer makes an initial written offer, all subsequent negotiations are communicated orally through the real estate agents involved in the transaction. This practice is acceptable, but may delay reaching a binding agreement. A gentlemens agreement is unenforceable; to be binding, the terms must be put in writing and signed by the parties. In a nutshell A contract for the sale of land is enforceable only if (1) it is in writing and signed; and (2) an offer has been made, is supported by consideration and is properly accepted. Acceptance requires not only the written signatures of the parties, but also communication of acceptance from the party accepting the last offer/counteroffer to the party (or partys agent) who made it

Free Case Study Sample of Angola

Ques: RENEWABLE ENERGY, IS IT A VIABLE OPTION FOR AFRICAN COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY OF ANGOLA'S ELECTRICITY. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Research Aim Research Objectives Research Questions Rationale of the Study Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction Significance of the Study Energy Availability and Utilisation North Africa South Africa East Africa Western Africa Central Africa Renewable Energy for poverty reduction, Energy Access Renewable Energy Resources and Application: Criticality and Currency Large-scale Renewable Energy System Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems Electricity in Angola Energy Resources in Angola Hydroelectricity Crude oil Natural Gas Summary Chapter 3: Research Methodology. Research Approach (Deductive and Inductive) Research Philosophy (Positivism and Interpretivism) Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research Research Strategy Justification of the research Ethical issues Limitations of the research Conclusion References Chapter 1: Introduction The renewable source of energy is important for todays complex environment and fast depletion of energy. The renewable source of energy is generated from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, geothermal heat, waves and tides. The sustainability can be attained in regards to environment and use of energy. Africa is a developing country and re facing challenges in their energy sector. Therefore, use of renewable energy can be solution to their energy issue and dependence on oil and gas can be decreased (Afribiz.info, 2014). The purpose of the current dissertation is to assess the viability of renewable energy in African countries. The study will be present in reference to Electricity Supply Issues of Angola. The study will be further discussing the research objectives and questions along with various theories and models in literature review. On the other hand, research methodology will be presented and limitation will also be discussed so that research can be present in more present able form (Afribiz.info, 2014). Research Aim The aim of the research is to analyse the effectiveness of renewable energy in developing the economy of a country. The research will be throwing light on in-depth analysis of reliability of renewable energy (Alexander and Richardson, 2012). The researcher has selected Angola region as the case study so that impact of reusable energy on people, industry or nation can be known. Research Objectives The research objectives can be helpful for the researcher to base the research in appropriate manner (Alexander and Richardson, 2012). Therefore, it can help in presenting the topics in detail manner. The research topics can be segmented so that each topic can be explained on the basis of objectives. Therefore, research objectives are: To investigate the issues affecting the supply of electricity within the country To examine the market entry policies into the renewable energy sector in Angola To investigate what has been done in terms of the use of natural resources for renewable energy in Angola To provide recommendations as to how the authorities in collaboration with energy companies can minimize the issues of power cuts in Angola Research Questions The research questions can be supportive in analyzing the research topics and solving the issues related to the case study. Therefore, the question has been listed down in relation to case study. What are the issues that are affecting the electricity supply in Angola? What is the market entry policies followed in the renewable energy sector? What are the programs has been adopted in the employment of natural resources for the development of renewable energy? How collaboration between authorities and energy companies can be effective in decreasing the matter of power cuts? The above mentioned question can be helpful for evaluating the data and comparing the results with the objectives of research purpose. Rationale of the Study The research work has been selected by the researcher for understanding and analyzing the effectiveness of using renewable source of energy within A. The renewable energy can be useful for the developing countries as it can be difficult in transmitting and distributing energy in rural or remote local, which is developed from fossil fuels. On the other hand, it can be expensive for transferring energy (Angelo, 2011). The concern regarding environment has made the energy supplying authorities to give more consideration towards using renewable energy. The issues of global warming, air pollution, technologies cost, etc are the main reason in adopting the renewable source of energy (ANGOLA: New Oil Power, 2007). If the energy is not used in correct manner, the country might face serious problem and their economy may be affected. Therefore, it can lead to economy downturn and fall in the development of country (Anon, 2006). The projects of renewable energy can be helpful for the developing nations as it can be effective in making contribution in alleviating poverty. Therefore, energy can be supplied for developing business and creating employment (Angelo, 2011). On the other hand, indirect input can be made by renewable energy by delivering energy for space heating, cooking, lighting, etc to eradicate poverty. The sustainability can be attained by the utilization of energy that is renewable and it requires low cost of operation in maintaining energy. The effect of carbon dioxide and chemical pollutants can be minimized through renewable energy so that environment can be protected (Chaiamarit and Nuchprayoon, 2013). On the other side, renewable energy can be effective in ensuring economic benefits by increasing the employment of local service and improving the tourism growth. For instance, European Countries such as United Kingdom and Germany has implemented measures to develop renewable energy that help ed them to produce many jobs for the people (Violence in Iraq and Nigeria, OPEC cuts output, admits Angola, 2007). The high price associated with the use of fossil fuels can be decreased by renewable energy and the people can have to bear fewer prices for gaining energy (Angola: New Oil Projects, 2008). On the contrary, the developing countries may find it hard to produce required quantities of electricity which is possible with fossil fuel generators. Moreover, the renewable energy depends on the weather for generating power. Therefore, if weather condition is not favorable then it can affect in generating renewable energy. For instance, hydro generators require rain to pack the dams so that water can be flowed (Yamin, 2004). The developing countries may not comply with the concept of renewable energy as it can be expensive for them. The renewable energy is totally a new technology and requires high capital cost (Bodig, 2012). Therefore, the developing country may not adopt renewable energy (Angola: New Oil Projects, 2008). On the other hand, if renewable energy is adopted then the country may not develop at better rate. Many developed countries uses renewable source of energy that helps them in increasing GDP. Therefore, if developing countries do not build renewable energy then i t may lack behind in developing better educational system, health care system (Zeller, 2006). Therefore, renewable source of energy can be effective for the future development and for future generation (ANGOP, 2014). The environment sustainability can be gained from the use of energy and the country image can be improved in the world map. In addition renewable energy can be stored and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere can be taken out by adopting different methods of generating renewable electricity (ANGOLA: New Oil Power, 2007). The investment has been made by the government of Angola for achieving green growth that can help in promoting and increasing economic growth while decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases and pollution, reducing wastage and efficient usage of the natural resources and enhancing biodiversity. The renewable energy is totally a new technology and requires high capital cost. Angola has adopted Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) in order to supply environment friendly technology for the electricity industry in Africa and different parts of Angola (Ohunakin, 2011). According to Dresch et al. (2014), pressure of population and inadequate development of infrastructure have increased the issue of environment in Angola. It has been found that there is scarcity in the portable water, majorly in the rural areas (Asia, Africa, Middle East, 2009). On the other hand, poor practices in agriculture have led to soil erosion extremely and desertification. Moreover, Weller (2014) mentioned that defore station has increased in Angola due to export of international tropical timber in the market which is posing the threat to biodiversity. Therefore, Angolas government is considering the renewable energies at major vehicle in order to attain the sustainable development (Armaroli, Balzani and Serpone, 2013). Therefore, it can help in improving the living conditions of the society both in rural areas and urban areas. The energy authorities in Angola have formed three key activities in context to renewable energy such as formation of National Renewable Energy Strategy, Identification of the advantage for renewable energy and implementation of the Project. Therefore, country is working effectively towards developing and using wind energy and solar energy (Martinez and Pedemonte, 2014). As Angola is blessed with rich energy resources therefore it provides great support in promoting the renewable source of energy. The Ministry of Energy and Water affairs in Angola takes the responsibility for the National Energy Policy and involves them in enhancing renewable energy. On the other hand, government of Angola has invested in the photovoltaic solar energy so that requirements of electricity can be met in rural areas (Assmann, Laumanns and Uh, 2006). Therefore it helps in raising the electrification level. Angola has bunch of opportunities to make an investment in the renewable energy that can be in rehabilitation or expanding the electric infrastructure in Angola. On the other side, energy sector in Angola has been restructured in order to develop the national electricity and raise the utilization of renewable energies (Barros and Antunes, 2014). Angola has been endowed with 47 hydrographical basins that can be used for generating electricity and for other purposes (Nwul u and Agboola, 2010). Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction It is known that there are various problems that are faced by African countries in terms of renewable and non-renewable energy resources (Burgos and Ear, 2012). At present there are various literatures that can be drawn here regarding the energy issues in various African countries. The main aim of the chapter is to provide description of the renewable and non-renewable resources in various parts of Africa and here a special emphasis is given to the case study of Angola (Bustamante-Cedeo and Arora, 2008). Africa is endowed with vast amount of non-renewable and renewable resources of energy. It is estimated that the potential of geothermal power is 14,000 MW and the potential of hydropower is 1,750 TWh in the continent (Bustamante-Cedeo and Arora, 2008). Throughout the years, abundant solar radiation is received in the continent in abundant amount and it is confirmed in the recent studies that there is abundance of wind energy in the inland areas and the coastal areas of Africa. There is abundant availability of the non-renewable energy coal in the Southern Africa. Africa has substantial amount of renewable and new energy sources and most of the energy resources are underexploited (Carneiro, 2007). It is evident that from the enormous potential of the hydropower only 7% has been harnessed and the hydro potential includes micro, mini and small hydro opportunities. There are limited initiatives that are taken in the country for the development of the energy utilisation (Controls on turbidite sand deposition during gravity-driven extension of a passive margin: examples from Miocene sediments in block 4, Angola, 2002). It is known that the Renewable Energy technologies (RETs) can significantly contribute to the development of energy sector in the African countries. RET can provide attractive environmentally sound technology option for the electricity industry of Africa (Doucette and McCulloch, 2011). The proportion of foreign exchange could be significantly offset by using RET as it can reduce the import cost of oil for the generation of electricity in most of the countries (Kammen and Kirubi, 2008). It is also evident that or meeting the decentralised rural energy demand the renew able energy are modular and well suited. For a capital constrained countries of Africa, the low investment level and the modular nature of most of the renewable energy technologies are most suitable for those countries (Eia.gov, 2014). The locally available resources and the expertise are utilised by most of the renewable energy technologies and thus it is evident that the local people will receive more employment opportunities but there are certain limitations that are faced by RET in the region (ElDesouky, 2014). Those include poor infrastructural facility and poor institutional framework, high initial cost of capital, pricing distortions in the region, lack of skilled manpower, weak dissemination strategies, weak maintenance service and infrastructure, and poor baseline information (Lebassi-Habtezion and Van Buskirk, 2012). Significance of the Study There is scarcity of energy in Africa than in the developed world. The energy consumption in the country is significantly high across the continent but the energy resource is underutilised in the economy (Energy.sourceguides.com, 2014). Since the 1980s, the overall access rate of energy has been constant whereas in most of the developing countries the electrical grid has distribution has increased by 20%. The per capita access rates are significantly falling in the Sub-Saharan Africa and according to recent trends; by 2020 there will still be lack of access to over 60% of the Sub-Saharan African people. The average electricity rate in Africa is 24% whereas the rate is 40% for most of the developing world (Ereda, 2014). It can be said that the power is often unreliable and the power loss is significant in the manufacturing sector that affects the performance of the sector. In a year, the power loss is 56 days in the manufacturing sector. In Burundi, the power is out for 144 days a yea r, it is 63 days in Tanzania and 25 days in Senegal (Mohammed et al., 2013). The power cuts cause greater issues for the industries operating in various countries. Damage to equipments and sales is caused due to the power outage and it also discourages foreign investment in the country (ESI-Africa.com, 2014). Thus it can be said that the growth of domestic companies has been stunted by the irregularities in the power supply and it also discourages the set up of manufacturing plants by foreign firms in the continent (Africa Oil Trade, 2011 and 2012, 2013). Even though the electricity supply is unreliable in the continent but still the cost of electrical service is very in Sub-Saharan Africa from the other parts of the world (GmbH, 2014). The rate of protective tariff is $0.13 USD in the country whereas in the rest of the developing world, it is only $0.04-$0.08 USD. Thus it can be said that Africa is facing one of the greatest challenges at the moment in terms of creating sustainable development in the country. There is a lack of sufficient transport system in Africa (Nwulu and Agboola, 2010). It is evident that new developments in the manufacturing and the industrial sector have led to significant population growth. There has been increased urbanisation and the energy consumption has also increased significantly (Graetz, 2011). Thus one of the challenges that is faced by African countries include the maintenance and provision of widespread access to energy for the population in order to meet the improved and growing standards of livin g in the continent (Africa Oil Trade, 2011 and 2012, 2013). It is estimated that by 2025 the environmental problems will double or triple as the population will increase by over a billion people in terms of the present annual growth rate of population of 2.2% (Ohunakin, 2011). But the electricity generation is less than 1% from the renewable resources in Africa and thus it is very important to increase the electricity generation and improve the utilisation of renewable resources so that the access to the affordable energy resources can be increased (Hammond, 2011). It is also important to manage the environmental impacts related with energy, stimulate the economic growth, improving the energy governance and ensuring the security of the supply with the help of diversification (Renewables in Africa, 2009). Energy Availability and Utilisation North Africa There is dominance of gas and oil in North Africa. From the available oil reserves in Africa, approximately 50% are obtained by Libya and the program and the regulations worth USD $5 billion is implemented in Libya for the reduction of Carbon emission (Haugen and Musser, 2012). There is also prevalence of resources such as gas and oil in Algeria along with the natural gas. The solar capacity is extremely relevant in North Africa (UNIDO, 2009). South Africa Of all the coal reserves of Africa, around 91 percent of all the coal reserves are contained in Southern Africa. Around 70 percent of the Uranium/Nuclear resources are in the South Africa. In the hydro resources in Southern Africa follows the Central Africa (Healey, 2005). The potential of hydroelectricity is found in Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Zambia, Mozambique and Congo DRC. An international initiative is taken by Mozambique for contributing to sustainable energy (UNIDO, 2009). The Living in the Finite Environmental program by USAID, in accordance with the African Society, 15 protected areas have been secured (van der Linde, 1996). South Africa alone contains 6th largest reserve of coal on the planet and other renewable resources in South Africa include bio-energy, wave energy, hydropower, wind and solar power etc (HENRICHSEN, 2005). East Africa The sustainable use of natural resource is promoted in East Africa (Iea.org, 2014). The community-based wildlife management in Uganda and Kenya strengthens the environmental and forestry management practices and it also enhances the coastal zone integration (Iea.org, 2014). Various instrumental energy plans has been organised in Kenya for supporting the economic growth and development (Iracleous and Alexandridis, 2005). Conservation of biodiversity is one of the main goals in Tanzania and the local actions of Mkuranga, Bagamoyo, and Pangani are supported by the USAID for the promotion of sustainable marine and coastal resource management through coastal tourism, marine culture, and small-scale Enterprise development. Given the arid climate, there is an essential push for the geothermal power in the region. Western Africa Between 1991 and 2000, there has been 500% increase in the electricity access in Ghana but there has been a fall in the per capital consumption during the same period (STEWART, IAN J., 1997). That affected the usage of electricity by making is unaffordable (Iracleous and Alexandridis, 2005). An energy action plan was established was developed by Ghana for taking initiatives for the sustainable energy (van der Linde, 1996). It is evident that Nigeria is one of the electronic products dumping ground. There are several toxic substances and metals that are dumped in the ground (Renewables in Africa, 2009). There are some coal reserves in West Africa, especially in Nigeria and some nuclear resources are also available in West Africa (Jakab, 2010). There are several initiatives that are taken in Guinea for the environmental protection and it is expected that the progressive steps will create exchange trade opportunities and improvement in the agricultural production technologies (Kaltschmi tt, 2013). Central Africa There is abundance of hydro-electric resources in Central Africa due to the presence of various rivers in the region (Langwith, 2009). It is estimated that 4 million tons of carbon emission could be saved annually if the South African coal power can be replaced by the hydroelectric power. In Congo low voltage power lines has been created by utilising the hydro power in the region (Le Billon, 2005). In this context around USD $32 million has been spent and it has helped in achieving sustainable electricity availability to 140,000 people in the region (Lehner and Weibach, 2009). The protection of forest resources is one of the strong focuses of Central Africa and around $48 million has been contributed by USAID through partnership fir developing Central African Regional Programme for the improvement of the governance of forests (Ohunakin, 2011). The loss of biodiversity can be reduced along with the rate of forest degradation for the management of the protected area (Lehner and Weibach , 2009). Renewable Energy for poverty reduction, Energy Access One of the major issues that are faced by the African countries is in terms of the reduction of poverty and the development of the various countries (South Africa introduces feed-in tariff for renewable energies, 2009). It is evident that in the absence of adequate energy supply the social and economic development cannot be achieved by Africa. Thus it is very important that modern energy service is accesses in the country for the essential service development and increase in the productivity. The reliable energy facilities cannot improve the social inequality and these are necessary for the improving the economic growth in the region (Macauhub English, 2014). Renewable Energy Resources and Application: Criticality and Currency There are basically two types of energy system that contributes to energy needs of Africa. Large-scale Renewable Energy System The large-scale use of renewable energy sources are applied specifically in wind, solar, geo-thermal, modern biomass and in hydropower (Midthun and Hiti, 2012). Among the hydro resources of the continent only 5% of the hydro power potential has been exploited (Spellman and Bieber, 2011). It is estimated that total hydro power potential fir Africa is equivalent to the consumed electricity in United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and France put together (Manahan, 2011). There is greater potential for the hydro power generation in the Inga River and other countries having hydro power potential includes Zambia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Madagascar, Gabon, Ethiopia, Egypt, Cameroon, and Angola. The biomass energy is also used in large-scale for solid fuel production, biogas production, heat co-generation, gasification, liquid fuels production, and for the process of heat (Nagayama, 2009). In the continent various agro-based industries like sugar, rice mills, palm produce, wood-based industries and paper and pulp use their waste products for the power and heat generation (Morales, 2014). Thus it can be said that there is a good potential for the generation of power in these countries (Morales, 2014). In many parts of Africa, the geothermal energy is used in abundant amount and it has the potential for the generation of 14,000 MW power (Novoa and Jin, 2011). The wind energy is used globally in large-scale for the electricity production and over the past decade the new installations have increased in Africa for the use of wind energy for electricity generation. Though it is evident that Africa still lacks the precise information about hydropower and that constrains the wind energy projects. In the countries Ethiopia, South Africa, Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco most of the energy projects have taken place. A serious problem is faced in urban areas in terms of solid and liquid waste disposal as it can be converted to energy (Solarin and Shahbaz, 2013). The liquid waste handling and treatment system existing in the municipality can be renovated for generating electricity for powering the treatment plants. Thus Africa faces major challenge in terms of urban waste management (Saunders and Chapman, 2004). There is very limited amount of large scale solar energy projects due to the cost constrained. The feasibility studies can be established in details for assessing the potential of the solar power generation (Saunders and Chapman, 2004). At present the solar thermal power energy is implemented in South Africa only and various plans are implemented in other countries for the generation of power. Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems The small-scale renewable energy system has been increased in Africa for increasing the energy access in the country. There are basically two types of small-scale energy systems and they are wind power and photovoltics. The solar PV system is highly documented in South Africa and Kenya. It is evident that the solar energy system has high upfront cost (Strbac, 2007). The small hydropower system supplies energy to remote communities and it can help in the development to those regions. The capital cost is also lower for the small-scale hydropower system than the large-scale system. There is a large potential in most of the African countries for the small hydro system. At present these hydropower systems are exploited and special emphasis is given on the rural communities. In a number of African countries the micro hydro power system has been introduced (Renewables in Africa, 2009). Due to the high capital cost the biogas digester dissemination has not been successful for the household application. This has been unsuccessful due to negative public perception, high labour cost and insufficient feedstock and water. Pilot projects have been implemented in Senegal, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Mali, Faso, Burkina, Niger, Kenya, and Ghana. The Appolonia project has been installed in Ghana for supplying the electricity in the country (Truc et al., 2012). The biogas is also produced from cow dung and the biogas Africa Project has also helped in utilising the resources in the country (Renewables in Africa, 2009). The majority of the Sub-Saharan households rely on the wood fuel for the purpose of heating and cooking. In the rural areas, the main source of fuel is wood fuel and in poorer urban households charcoal is commonly used as a main source of fuel (Trojan Battery expands global presence, opens Africa office, 2014). However the households have to use charcoal due to shortage o f alternative energy in terms of brownouts and electricity blackouts. There has been improved use of biomass cook stoves all over Africa (Renewables in Africa, 2009). Electricity in Angola The electricity infrastructure of Angola was damaged during the civil war of the nation and afterwards it received financial assistance from China and made improvements in the power sector. But it is evident that the country still faces problems in terms of electricity generation and supply in the area. The people have to rely on biomass and waste for their needs of household energy use (Reuters, 2014). The electricity sector of Angola is dominated by the state company Empresa Nacional de Electricidade. There are some other private companies as well that provide energy in the country. The country is planning on commercialising the natural gas resource of the country and it is expected that the resource will be very important in the coming years. The country has also discussed with the international atomic energy about developing nuclear power programs in the region (Okafor, 2009). Energy Resources in Angola The energy in Angola basically describes the electricity and energy production, consumption and the export from Angola. In the Energy Policy of Angola, more detailed policies for Angola have been described. It is evident that in Angola, the hydroelectric power is the primary driving force of energy (OIL AND GAS: Angola, 2009). In 2009, the primary energy use in Angola was 7 TWh per million persons in 2009. In Angola people suffer from blackouts daily and in order to improve the situation, the government announced $17 billion US dollars planned in the investment of energy in the area (OIL: Angola, 2008). It is expected that the plan will alleviate the paucity of the available energy in the region. The energy resource in Angola has increased at a lower rate in every year. In 2007 the energy resource production was 1,104 Twh. In 2008 it was 1,231 Twh, in 2009 it was 1,174. The CO2 emission has also increased significantly. In 2008 it was 12.92 Mt and it 2012 it was 15.72 Mt (OIL/GAS: An gola, 2009). Hydroelectricity There is extensive hydroelectric power resource in Angola and it is stated that the power resource exceeds the present needs. The Cuanza River and Capanda Dam provide cheap power to the industries and two dams on the Catumbela River produce power for the Benguela and Lobito areas (Reuters, 2014). The Matala Dam that is situated 180 km of the Lubango also produce the power for the area and near the Namibian Border the Ruacana falls Dam is situated and it was completed in 1970s and the power station of the dam is in Namibia. In 2003, a hydroelectric station on the Cuanza River at Kapanda was started. In 2002 only three dams were operational in the country among the six available dams. $200 US million dollars were spent for the repair of the dams in the location as the dams were damaged extensively due to civil war. In 2002, 1.728 TW h electricity was generated in the country and among that 65.5% came from hydropower and 34.5% came from fossil fuel. In the same year a total of 1.607 Tw. h was the electricity consumption in the country and total capacity was 700 MW. Crude oil Angola ranks second in the Sub-Saharan Africa for the production of crude oil. Since 1973, crude oil has been the chief export of Angola and it is also the major source of revenue for the government (OIL: Angola, 2013). In 1994, the revenue from crude oil was $2.9 billion and it accounted for 95% of the government revenue (OIL: Angola, 2014). The oil reserves have been increased to 8.8 billion barrels in 2004 and the oil reserves are along the Atlantic coast and mostly in the northern border area between Soyo and Quinzau and in the off shore Cabinda region. Several oil companies were engaged in production in 1999 and one of the large subsidiaries was Chevron of the Cabinda Gulf oil company. Natural Gas The total gross natural gas production in the region was 8.4 km3 in 2002. The estimated reserve of natural gas in was 45 km3. The domestic demand for refined petroleum has increased significantly in the country and various projects has been undertaken here for using natural gas resources in the country. Chevron Texaco and Sonangol joined forces in a $2 billion project in 2002 for liquefied natural gas project in the offshore fields of Angola. In 2002 Angola fined $2 million to Chevron Texaco for the cause of environmental damage. Summary Here it can be said that Angola is a country in South Africa and it is bordered by Namibia on the South and on the north there is the Democratic Republic of Congo. There is Zambia in the east and Atlantic Ocean is in the west coast. The country does not have wind potential or coal reserves but the there are capacity for solar power, natural gas and oil reserve. In this chapter various energy sources has been discussed for African countries and for Angola. Chapter 3: Research Methodology The research is based on primary data. Primary research is based on primary data. The researcher can gain insight into the topic by conducting primary research (Research Methodology - An introduction, 2014). The primary data gathered will be supported by secondary data in order to make the research more reliable towards the readers. The primary research is conducted by using various methods. The methods of primary research are preparation of questionnaires, conducting interviews, conducting market research, direct observations. There are various advantages of primary research. The researcher can conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis with the primary data. However collecting primary data is a difficult task. Collection of primary data is time consuming (Research Methodology - An introduction, 2014)The primary data has to be authentic and reliable. In the present research , the researcher has used the deductive approach. Amongst the two types of research approach , the research er has used the deductive approach. The deductive approach will provide a pattern solution to the research problem. The philosophy used by the researcher in the present study is interpretevism. Since the research is based on addressing the social aspect of the country. Thus the theory of interpretivism has been used. It will provide a deeper analysis of the topic. It will provide a solution to the aforesaid problem and determine whether the use of renewable source of energy is a viable option for Angola. The researcher will use the primary data for qualitative analysis (Research Methodology - An introduction, 2014). In depth analysis of the research can be done by conducting structured interviews with the governing bodies that are responsible for taking decisions related to the oil industry (Kothari, 2004) ; (Gupta, 2003). Research Approach (Deductive and Inductive) According to Bodig (2012) to continue any kind of research, it is very much necessary to select a proper research approach. The selection of the research approach is very important because the entire backbone of the practical research is standing upon the research approach. Martinez and Pedemonte (2014) stated that the selection of best-fit research approach assists the researcher to approach towards the intended goal. According to the deductive research, approach is concerned with the logical reasoning of the research phenomena. According to Bodig (2012), the deductive research approach widely followed by the researchers because it helps the researcher to attain the research goal through providing the logical reasoning of the multiple adjacent factors related to the research. The other reason for the selection of the deductive approach in the research is that it helps the researcher to start from the detail and helps to reach the specific intended outcome. The main feature of the deductive approach is that it reduces the risk of failure as it starts the investigation form very detail and through the logical explanation, it reaches to the intended outcome (Jahn, 2010). The other reason why this research is popular that if there researcher found any kind of errors in the hypothesis or any explanation it does not takes the researcher to start from the initial point. According to Dresch et al. (2014) the chances of error in this approach is very low as it approaches through logical steps (Vogel et al., 2011). The inductive approach is very much based on the observation (Ary et al., 2014). According to Weller (2014) the main feature of the inductive approach is that it tries to reach the intended outcome through the development of the patterns on the research objective (Barbieri et al., 2010). However, Martinez and Pedemonte (2014) criticized this research approach through saying that the due to the bottom up approach if the researcher found any of the hypothesis or the pattern is wrong then the researcher needs to start the entire research approach from the very beginning (Kumar, 2005). However to continue this research the researcher will follow the deductive research approach. The main reason for this is that the nature of the topic indicates that the matter is very wide but the intended decision is whether the renewable energy will be a viable option for Africa or not. To identify the viability it is very important to consider all the possible detailed aspect of the energy sector of the country. Therefore, to continue this research the researcher will follow the deductive research approach not the inductive research approach (Hinkel, 2011). The main reason for not following the deductive research approach is that the patterned solution provided by this research approach does not fits properly when the research is very much related with the social and economical aspect of the country and the viability is the main criteria for decision making (Weller ,2014); (Flick, 2014). Research Philosophy (Positivism and Interpretivism) The research philosophy helps to acquire the possible knowledge about the research topic. According to Dresch et al. (2014) to continue any kind of research it is very much necessary to acquire the relevant knowledge otherwise the researcher will fail to meet the intended outcome (Hammersley, 1993). According to Bodig (2012), the most widely used research philosophies are the positivism and the Interpretivism. The positivism is the most scientifically structured research philosophy. On the other hand, the interpretivism firstly collects the relevant data from the multiple sources and then it develops the ideal framework based on the collected data (Crossan, 2003; p-46-55). According to Weller (2014) interpretivism is the best-fit research philosophy when the research topic is very much connected with the human relations and the social aspects. Whereas, the positivism is very much fit when the research phenomena is very much related with the scientific or patterned objective. According to Weller (2014), positivism philosophy helps the researcher to develop its understanding about the research topic through the repetitive observations. To continue this particular research the researcher will follow the Interpretivism research philosophy. The main reason for selecting interpretivism as the research philosophy is that the research subject is very much related with the social aspect of the country (Webb, 1989;p-403-410). The main theme of the research is that whether the renewable energy will be viable for the African countries or not. To understand the viability of the intended project it is very much required to understand the socio-economical orientations of the African countries. Moreover, it is very much necessary to analyze the present energy infrastructure of the country to identify the capability of the energy sector to adopt the renewable energy production and distribution within their respective regions. Therefore, after considering all these areas the researcher has decided that the research will be carried through the interpretivism research philosophy. Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research The in-depth analysis of the research can be done by the qualitative research. It provides deeper understanding of the research topic. Thus in case of qualitative research smaller samples belonging to a wider group is used for conducting the research. Quantitative analysis is done to measure the effectiveness of the use renewable energy as alternative source. The research has been conducted by the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative analysis has been gathered from the secondary data. The trend of the use of non renewable sources of energy in the various African countries has been studied in the research. The quantitative analysis has been done by the data obtained from the various journals and news papers. The secondary data has been analyzed. The analysis of the data has been reflected in the research (Smith, 1982). Qualitative analysis has been done by conducting interviews of the governing bodies that make the policies that affect the energy industry. Qualitative research may be considered as a type of scientific research. The answers by the interviewee to the various questions provide a detailed overview of the research (Davidson, 2001; p-11-20). The evidence regarding the topic is obtained from the various answers to the interview questions. The research problem can be understood in a better way. This will provide a better understanding of the research issue. The exact information about the various policies of the Government can be obtained from the answers of the policy makers. This will help in depth analysis of the topic. The people involved in the decision making process of the organization related to the energy industry has been interviewed. The information gathered from them will provide a deep analysis of the research proposal. Thus both the qualitative and quantitative analysis is cr ucial for understanding the research in a better way. The intangible factors affecting the research can be obtained from the qualitative analysis. It will provide a detail perspective of the entire research (Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collectors Field Guide, 2014; p-1-12) ; (Creswell, 2003). Research Strategy Justification of the research The research has been conducted in order to provide sustainable option to the African countries for using energy. The problem related to energy can be mitigated by the use of alternative sources of energy. The viability of the use of the renewable energy sources by the African countries has been analyzed in the present research. Ethical issues The ethical issues must be considered in order to conduct the research in a systematic way. The reliability of the research is necessary for conducting the research in an ethical way. The ethical issue must be considered to ascertain that genuine data has been collected for the purpose of the research. The data has been collected for the purpose of commercial use. There will be no personal questions in the interview that might relate to any political hassle. This will deviate the response of the people who are interviewed. The information must be kept in a confidential manner. This will maintain the authenticity of the information. The data collected from the quantitative and the qualitative analysis has to be kept in a confidential manner. This will maintain the fidelity of the research. The referencing style of the research must be appropriate in order to make the information provided in the research reliable to the readers of the paper. Limitations of the research The time allotted for conducting the research has been miniscule. The research could have been conducted in a detail way if the time allotment for the research was more. The information could have been gathered from variety of sources if the time allotted for the research was sufficient. Lack of time is the major issue of the present research. The research is mostly based on primary data. Any deviation of the opinion of the respondents can alter the results of the research. This is a limitation of the entire research. Thus any kind of biasness in opinion can affect the results of the research. Conclusion The importance of renewable energy in the present scenario has been discussed in the research. Use of renewable energy resource will provide sustainability. Energy challenges are faced by Africa. In order to recover from the energy crisis, use of renewable source of energy is important. The electricity supply issues of Angola have been discussed. Renewable energy can be used by Angola in order to increase the GDP of the country. It will be difficult for a country to generate renewable sources of energy if the climatic conditions of the country are adverse. Promoting sustainability in Angola will result in the economic growth of the country. The investment has been made by the government of Angola for achieving green growth that can help in promoting and increasing economic growth while decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases and pollution, reducing wastage and efficient usage of the natural resources and enhancing biodiversity. It will reduce the negative environmental impact. The e mission of the green house gases will be reduced to a considerable extent. The deforestation in Angola has to be reduced. 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Effectiveness of a Guided Inductive Versus a Deductive Approach on the Learning of Grammar in the Intermediate-Level College French Classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 44(2), pp.353-380. Webb, C. (1989). Action research: philosophy, methods and personal experiences. J Adv Nurs, 14(5), pp.403-410. Weller, P. (2014). Anticipating Interpretivism: Heclo and Wildavsky as Pioneers?. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 73(3), pp.331-339. Yamin, H. (2004). Review on methods of generation scheduling in electric power systems.Electric Power Systems Research, 69(2-3), pp.227-248. Zeller, W. (2006). Emmanuel Kreike, Re-creating Eden: land use, environment and society in southern Angola and northern Namibia. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann (pb 17 0 325 07076 8; hb 57 0 325 07077 6). 2004, 304 pp.Africa, 76(03), pp.446-447.

Allegory Of Cave (Not Essay-Lots Of Info) Essays - Platonism

Allegory Of Cave (Not Essay-Lots Of Info) An Analysis of The Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave is Plato's explanation of the education of the soul toward enlightenment. He sees it as what happens when someone is educated to the level of philosopher. He contends that they must go back into the cave or return to the everyday world of politics, greed and power struggles. The Allegory also attacks people who rely upon or are slaves to their senses. The chains that bind the prisoners are the senses. The fun of the allegory is to try to put all the details of the cave into your interpretation. In other words, what are the models the guards carry? the fire? the struggle out of the cave? the sunlight? the shadows on the cave wall? Socrates, in Book VII of The Republic, just after the allegory told us that the cave was our world and the fire was our sun. He said the path of the prisoner was our soul's ascent to knowledge or enlightenment. He equated our world of sight with the intellect's world of opinion. Both were at the bottom of the ladder of knowledge. Our world of sight allows us to see things that are not real, such as parallel lines and perfect circles. He calls this higher understanding the world abstract Reality or the Intelligeble world. He equates this abstract reality with the knowledge that comes from reasoning and finally understanding. On the physical side, our world of sight, the stages of growth are first recognition of images (the shadows on the cave wall) then the recognition of objects (the models the guards carry) To understand abstract reality requires the understanding of mathematics and finally the forms or the Ideals of all things (the world outside the cave). But our understanding of the physical world is mirrored in our minds by our ways of thinking. First comes imagination (Socrates thought little of creativity), then our unfounded but real beliefs. Opinion gives way to knowledge through reasoning (learned though mathematics). Finally, the realization of the forms is mirrored by the level of Understanding in the Ways of Thinking. The key to the struggle for knowledge is the reasoning skills acquired through mathematics as they are applied to understanding ourselves. The shadows on the cave wall change continually and are of little worth, but the reality out side the cave never changes and that makes it important. The ideals are mainly our concepts of courage, love, friendship, justice, and other unchanging qualities. I know this is a bit tricky, but it is how I see the allegory, and most of it is in the preceding and following books of the Republic. I think you should read those chapters, think about what I have said and zero in on what the allegory means to you. CAVE Plato, the most creative and influential of Socrates' disciples, wrote dialogues, in which he frequently used the figure of Socrates to espouse his own (Plato's) full-fledged philosophy. In The Republic, Plato sums up his views in an image of ignorant humanity, trapped in the depths and not even aware of its own limited perspective. The rare individual escapes the limitations of that cave and, through a long, tortuous intellectual journey, discovers a higher realm, a true reality, with a final, almost mystical awareness of Goodness as the origin of everything that exists. Such a person is then the best equipped to govern in society, having a knowledge of what is ultimately most worthwhile in life and not just a knowledge of techniques; but that person will frequently be misunderstood by those ordinary folks back in the cave who haven't shared in the intellectual insight. If he were living today, Plato might replace his rather awkward cave metaphor with a movie theater, with the proje ctor replacing the fire, the film replacing the objects which cast shadows, the shadows on the cave wall with the projected movie on the screen, and the echo with the loudspeakers behind the screen. The essential point is that the prisoners in the cave are not seeing reality, but only a shadowy representation of it. The importance of the allegory lies in Plato's belief that there are invisible truths lying

Tips to Manage Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom

Tips to Manage Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom Teaching adults is very different from teaching children. If you are new to teaching adults, you have hopefully been provided with training in this area, but if not, take steps to prepare yourself. Start with crucial skills and principles for teachers of adults. Establishing Norms Setting classroom norms is one of the best methods of classroom management. Hang a flip chart or poster, or dedicate a section of the whiteboard, if you have space,  and list expected classroom behaviors for everyone to see. Refer to this list when disruptions occur. Using a flip chart or whiteboard can be especially useful because you can involve students in the construction of the list on the first day. Start with a few of your own expectations and ask the group for additional suggestions. When you all agree on how you want the classroom to be managed, disruptions are minimal. List of Norms Start and end on timeTurn off or silence cell phonesSave texting for breaksRespect the contributions of othersBe open to new ideasResolve differences calmlyStay on topic Saving Questions for Later Its always a good idea to address questions of any kind when they occur because curiosity provides fabulous teaching moments, but sometimes it just isnt appropriate to get off track. Many teachers use a flip chart or whiteboard as a holding place for such questions to ensure theyre not forgotten. Call your holding place something appropriate to your topic. Be creative. When a question being held is eventually answered, mark it off the list. Managing Mild Disruptions Unless youve got a completely obnoxious student in your classroom, chances are good that disruptions, when they do occur, will be fairly mild and call for mild management techniques. These include disruptions like chatting in the back of the room, texting, or someone who is argumentative or disrespectful. Try one, or more of the following tactics: Make eye contact with the disruptive person.Remind the group of the agreed-upon norms.Move toward the disruptive person.Stand directly in front of the person.Be silent and wait for the disruption to end.Acknowledge the input, put it in your parking lot if appropriate, and move on.You may be right.Thanks for your comment.How about if we park that comment and come back to it later?Ask for help from the group.What does everyone else think?Rearrange the seating if you think it will help.Call for a break. Handling Persistent Disruptions For more serious problems, or if the disruption persists, rely on these steps to conflict resolution: Speak with the person privately.Confront the behavior, not the person.Speak for yourself only, not the class.Seek to understand the reason for the disruption.Ask the person to recommend a solution.Review your expectations of classroom behavior, if necessary.Try to get agreement on expected norms.Explain any consequences of continued disruptions. Sharing Challenges Its generally unprofessional to share frustrations about individual students with other teachers who may be influenced toward that person in the future. This doesnt mean you cant consult with others, but you should choose your confidants carefully.

Withdrawal reflex and habituation in the garden snail Essay

Withdrawal reflex and habituation in the garden snail - Essay Example There is many types of learning, the most basic form of which is non-associative learning. Surprisingly noticed even in primitive life forms, such as the protozoan Stentor coeruleus, it represents a type of learning where the organism becomes aware that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. The most common example of such learning is habituation. According to Thompson and Spencer, it is defined simply as "the gradual waning of an evoked behavioral response with repeated stimulation."3. In essence if an animal first responds to a stimulus that is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses. There are two basic characteristics that separate habituation from the other types of learning. One is that it does not require conscious motivation or awareness to occur, and that it is stimulus specific and that does not cause a cause a general decline in responsiveness.The garden snail (Helix aspersa) is no exception when the process of habituation is concerned. Hab ituation in the Helix aspersa is well documented and easily observable, particularly in the withdrawal reflex of both the entire body of the garden snail, as well as the eye stalk. When the body or the eye stalk of the garden snail is stimulated, the Helix aspresa instinctively withdraws the entire body towards its shell or the eye stalk towards the body, respectively. This very simple and instinctive action, with the purpose of maintaining the structural integrity of the body of the garden snail, represents the withdrawal reflex in the Helix aspresa. ... When the garden snail is presented with a novel stimulus, the sensory neurons generate large excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the interneurons and motor cells. These potentials cause the motor cells to discharge strongly, leading to the rapid withdrawal of the body or eye stalk. As the stimulus is repeatedly presented, the synaptic potentials produced by the sensory neurons in the interneurons and in the motor cells become progressively smaller. In time, fewer action potentials are generated in the motor cells, and the behavior is reduced. Finally, the postsynaptic potentials become very small and fail to produce action potentials in the motor neurons, and therefore no behavior is produced. The reduction in the effectiveness of the synaptic connections between the sensory and motor neurons is what maintains the state of habituation that the garden snail has acquired. - Background Although the effects of the withdrawal reflex and the subsequent habituation are easily observable, the underlying principles have been scrutinized by the scientific eye. There are many scientific papers that deal with this issue. One of them, written by Steven Prescott and Ronald Chase explains the sites of plasticity in the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal in the garden snail. With their research, they have managed to show that the different parts of the nervous system in the snail mediate different reactions when the withdrawal reflex is concerned. In an another paper, the same others try to explore the matter even further, with analyzing the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal in garden snail, with specific reference to the competence of the

Notice of cafeteria construction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Notice of cafeteria construction - Case Study Example After the renovation, the changes will be made as follows: Meanwhile, you will have to eat lunch outside our building for the three days. Our company has made contracts with three restaurants on Lifelong Building, whose location is next to our building. You will not have to use money to get services from the restaurants for the three days shutdown period. The restaurant will allow every individual to have meals that do not exceed twenty dollars per day upon retrieval of their Employees ID as you would do at our cafeteria. To make it clear, you may spend twenty dollars including taxes in each restaurant (up to 60 dollars in total) in three days. The available restaurants include: If you have any queries regarding the closure of the cafeteria, you can get most of answers from our constructors’ website www.restaurantrenovators.ca. The Human Resource Team are also ready to answer any queries regarding the closure of our cafeteria. Sorry, for any inconvenience

Introduction Chapter for Swirling Flows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction Chapter for Swirling Flows - Essay Example and also in various engineering applications. [1] Aerodynamic drag induced by lift of the wings of an aircraft may also give rise to swirling flows in air. In the engineering applications, particularly where combustion systems are entailed, swirling flows can be defined as continuous jets of fluid in uniform transverse flow that have dynamic and three dimensional (3D) structures. [2] According to a basic definition from Lilley (1977), â€Å"Swirling flows result from the application of a spiraling motion, with a swirl velocity component (also known as a tangential or azimuthal velocity component) being imparted to the flow via the use of swirl vanes, in axial-plus-tangential entry swirl generator or direct tangential entry into the combustion chamber.† [3] Figure – 1: Example of swirling flow in an artificial test case [4] Why Study Swirling Flow? According to experts like Gallaire, Rott and Chomaz, there have been only a few studies in the academic world which have dea lt with the monitoring, control and analysis of complex fluid mechanical systems involving tubes and swirling jets. Also, the competitions between the axisymmetric and helical breakdown patterns of vortices in a swirling flow are still a major area of scientific exploration, which cannot be successfully accomplished without a complete understanding of Central Recirculation Zone (CRZ) and reported formations of Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) inside the swirling flow. [1, 3, 5] In combustion chamber and gas turbine applications, swirl flame stabilisation is widely used. Lean premixed and non-premixed systems are the major categories of these applications, where the processes of flame stabilisation, as functions of thermo-acoustic flux, combustor geometry and fuel type, are yet to be fully understood and simplified. [1, 6] Besides, there are relatively fewer research papers available where tall cylinders have been used to generate swirling flows with instabilities directed to the 3D patt erns of fluid dynamics. Hence, three dimensional characters of a swirl remain less explored than its unsteady axisymmetric features. [7] Therefore, swirling flows should be studied so that these gaps in engineering research can be properly abridged. Overview of Some Major Swirling Flow Phenomena Some of the major phenomena related to swirling flow that predominantly occur in combustion technologies are vortex breakdown, sudden expansion, bluff body flow, Central Recirculation Zone (CRZ) and reported formations of Precessing Vortex Core (PVC). Vortex Breakdown: Since swirling flow has a three dimensional structure, it possesses both axial and tangential velocity components in the 3D vector fields [1, 4]. When the Swirl number S is increased, strong coupling forces develop among the axial and tangential velocities. Together with strong inertial effects, swirl vortex is generated which is again broken down when the flow attains high Reynolds number. Ayache explains this process of vort ex breakdown as an unstable flow with transient patterns that â€Å"occurs due to the instabilities present in swirl flows such as shear-layer instabilities (like Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) similar to axial jets and azimuthal shear-layer instabilities created by the radial gradient in azimuthal velocity.† [1] Sudden Expansion and Bluff Body Flow: In order to gather intricate flow statistics, a bluff body may be introduced on

Article Critique †‘You Have Someone To Trust (2012)

Article Critique – ‘You Have Someone To Trust (2012) Jessica Bowstead Context and Policy Qualitative Research Article Critique – ‘You Have Someone To Trust’ (2012). Jessica Bowstead M2067675 Word Count-1650 Mortimer, J North, K Stead J. (2012). You Have Someone To Trust. Outstanding safeguarding practise in primary schools. Unknown (Unknown), pg1-74. The purpose of this academic piece is to critically evaluate the article ‘You Have Someone to Trust’, it will begin with examining the literature and will discuss data analysis and findings and then will conclude by synthesising evidence as to whether it is a valued piece of work. The article of choice is qualitative. Qualitative research is a term used for research strategies that are aimed at how human beings understand, experience, interpret and produce the social world (Hammersley, 2013). The main strength of qualitative research is it generates an opportunity for great depth and information on the social process (Griffin, 2007). Quantitative data, on the other hand focus’s on counting and classifying features and constructing statistics (Mangell, 2013). Mortimer utilizes the method of ethnography in her research, this largely relies on observation and interviews as an essential aspect of its methods, the researcher endeavours to become part of the research, t aking note of everything they see and hear (Saks and Allsop, 2007). Validity, reliability, and objectivity are criteria used to evaluate the quality of research. As an explanatory method, the content of qualitative research analysis differs from quantitative data, from its assumptions, research purposes, and inference processes, therefore making the criteria unsuitable for qualitative research (Bradley, 1993). Early work conducted by Lincoln and Guba (1985) suggested four measures for evaluating qualitative research: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. For the purpose of this critical review, the author has chosen the McMaster critical appraisal tool Framework (1998, online). Following a full critical evaluation and checklist, it is apparent that Mortimer’s paper is an interesting but a problematic piece of research. You Have Somebody to Trust (2012) was created with the notion that it would specify criteria for practice in relation to safeguarding children. Policy making relies heavily on the academic literature, from the research it is distinguished how severe a problem is, what actions are required and know how implement it into practice (Exblom, 2002). After school and services failed to recognise and understand former legislation, and a series of serious case reviews, a new framework ‘Practical Tips for Schools’ was created in January 2012 (Mortimer et al, 2012). Mortimer’s study helped build the new framework with her research, this was through an evidence-based approach. You have someone to trust was funded by the Children’s Commission, which was established by the Children’s Act 2004 (Mortimer et al, 2004). Due to the nature of the funding, this research could be seen as one sided. It’s the governments duty to ensure practitioners are following safeguarding procedures (GOV.UK [online]) so one might believe that the results may bias to fit their own aims. However, this has not affected the result or completion of the study. It is essential that studies are clear and coherent due to the research being built on previous research (Dawson, Dawson Overfield 2013) allowing the information to be transferred. Here Mortimer clearly discusses the purpose of study in the first section ‘Executive Summary’. It is also explicitly stated in the second section, ‘Object of the Study’ stating â€Å"The research was in order to identify best professional practice in response to child protection and safeguarding concerns in primary schools’ (Mortimer et al, 2012). Although generalizability is disregarded in qualitative studies (Ali Yusof, 2011) it is important the findings from this article are transferable. Although no two schools are the same, the general operation of a school and their approach to safeguarding should be. In qualitative research it is essential to examine the appropriate literature on the issue of the study, this provides the reader with a rational background of the study (Fink Arlene 2005). Mortimer does draw on a significant amount of literature to contextulize her research. In section four, there is a varied quantity of literature on the chosen subject, including ‘Intervening early’ cited by Eason and Gee 2012 and ‘A shared understanding of outstanding practice’ cited by Ofsted Safeguarding Schools (2011) this is predominantly valuable in that it provides evidence of the subject matter. Generally, there is a clear discussion regarding the literature which in turn strengthens her study. Mortimer has chosen to use purposive sampling, she has completed this by intentionally selecting participants who can contribute a deep understanding of the phenomenon that she is studying (Klenk, 2013). The procedure of sample selection was not highlighted in Mortimer’s report, this could increase transferability. Without this a notion of bias may be questioned due to the deficiency of information. To strengthen her report Mortimer could have stated the sex, race, age and background of the participants. Discarding this information the paper cannot be seen as a true representation of the population (Janson, 2010) which will decrease transferability. Although the sampling information is limited, one can clearly summarize that the type of sampling here is a Maximum Variation Sampling. This involves deliberately selected cases with a wide variation on dimensional interests as an effort to understand the context and created transferbility (Polit Beck, 2013). In the executive summary section it states that ‘ the sample of the school, which were visited were specifically selected to ensure a variation in size, geographical location and demographic intake’(Mortimer et al, 2012). Here Mortimer has addressed the appropriate actions and increased her confimability in relation to the school selection. There was no declaration as to whether all participants took part, allowing the reader to assume that all asked contubuted to the study. Overall, the choice of sample selected for the research purposes is suitable as it does seem to offer a generous opportunity for research into the properties of safeguarding in education. Nevertheless, due to the lack of information provided the results lack confimibility and tranferability. Mortimer does not go into any substantial detail about the process of data collection, in section five there is a vague mention of it however, only basic information is provided. It states that semi structured interviews and survey’s had taken place, but again examples are not specified. The reader was not able to critique the question’s appropiability or comment if they were clearly understood. Survey respondents misunderstand questions more often than one might expect, and the collection process mistakes are difficult to discover and correct (Conrad Schober 2005). To improve the validity of the research, Mortimer could of included member checks. Member checks involve sharing all of the findings with the participants, allowing them to question and comment on the authenticity of the work (Creswell, 2007) this would eliminate any misunderstandings. Forwarding that Mortimer could have piloted her study so she was able to recognise any gaps in her proposal method (Sampson , 2004). The researcher has a clear responsibility to ensure that they protect the right and well being of their participants irrespective of the nature of their research, there are many guidelines that reinforce these principles and many aspects are legally enforceable (Eby, 1991). Mortimer does not discuss any ethical issues that she considered, or whether ethical approval was given. Participants who are subject in a research subject must be competent, have full disclosure of the subject field, understand the process and voluntarily participate (Emanuel, Abdoler Stunkel 2006). This is not disclosed in Mortimer study, therefore the reader is required to assume that the correct ethical procedures were adopted. The data analysis of the study was satisfactory. Mortimer provided a clear breakdown of the data that she gathered. However, no coding was present, coding is an important aspect of a study, it allows studies to be repeated and validated, it makes methods transparent (Shenton, 2004). In Mortimer’s case the coding should of been finalized once the survey was completed and in the case of interviews after the data was collected (Bourque, 2004). She included several direct quotes from participants, which increase the credibility in her research. Quotations give an insight and meaning and illustrate the argument (Holloway Wheeler, 2013) facilitating the reader to understand how the findings were presented. However, it ought to be recognized that her findings are clearly presented and concluded. You have someone to trust (2012) can be seen as having an insignificant amount of credibility. Credibility can be defined as ‘The plausibility of one’s study’ (Pitney Parker 2009). This article is a recent document created in 2012, suggesting that the information if current and up to date, furthering that, credible sources have been researched through the paper such as the NSPCC Safeguarding For Children. The investigators, background and qualification are unknown, Patton 1990 believes that the credibility of the researcher is especially important as it is the person who collects the data. It is believed that this is equally as important as the procedure credibility (Alkin, Daillak White, 1979). Beyond that, triangulation is a credible strategy that Mortimer does practice. Individual interviews, focus groups and surveys are used along with supporting data from documents. Other credible strategies include member checks and a prolonged study time (Munkhjargal, 2006). However, these were not applied throughout Mortimers study. Through triangulation of data collection methods, interviewing and data analysis, Mortimer has enhanced the validity of her work. Alongside these methods of data collection Mortimer has kept her focus on the objectives of her study. Mortimer has created transferability in her research through referencing literature collected on similar topics and areas. The research intentions are indeed found as a result of the work. That being stated, the subject field was very brief and a large amount of data could have been supplied to enhance the validity of the article. Without these any reader may believe that she has become too subjective in her decisions to understand her participants, reducing confimability in her work. Nevertheless, one can expect to ensure comparable results in similar settings from this study, making it clear that the researcher was dependable. On a whole it is clear that the research was valuable, ‘Practical Tips For Schools’ was created and the objective of the study achieved. References Akin, M, Daillak, R White, P (1979) Using evaluation: does evaluation make a difference? Beverly Hills: Sage Volume 76. Ali, A Youseff H. (2011). Quality in Qualitative Studies. Issues in Social and Environement Accounting. 5 (1/2), p25-64. Bourque, Linda B. Coding. In The Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. Eds. Michael S. Lewis-Beck, Alan Bryman, and Timothy Futing Liao, v. 1, 132-136. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2004. Bradley, J. (1993). Methodological issues and practices in qualitative research. Library Quarterly, 63 (4), 431-449. Conrad, F Schober, M. (2005). Journal of Official Statistics. Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today’s. 21 (2), P215-231 Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, JW. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dawson, M, Dawson, B Overfield, J. (2013). Reading for Your Research Project. In: Unknown Communication Skills for Biosciences. Unknown: Wiley Blackwell. p67. Eby M 1991, Ethical issues in nursing research: the wider picture. Nurse Researcher 3 (1), 5-13 Emanuel, E Abdoler, E Stunkel, L. (2006). How to treat people who Participate in research. Research Ethics. Unknown (6), p7. Fink Arlene (2005). Conducting Research Literture. 2nd Ed. London: SAGE. p46-58. Griffin, C. (2007). The advantages and limitation of qualitative research. Unknown. 11 (3), p127-156. Hammersley, M (2013). What is qualitative research?. London: Bloomsbury. p2. Holloway, I Whealer, s (2013). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 3rd Ed. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. p325. Jenson, H. (2010). The Logic of Qualitative Survey Research and its Position in the Field of Social Research Methods. Qualitative Social Research. 11 (2), p. Klente, K (2008). Qualitative Research in The Study of Leadership. Bingley: Emerald Group. p11. Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch, J., Westmorland, M.. (2007). Critical Review Form. Available: http://www.srsmcmaster.ca/Portals/20/pdf/ebp/qualreview_version2.0.pdf. Last accessed 15th Jan 2015. Lincoln, YS. Guba, EG. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Mangel, S K (2013). Research Methodology in Behavioural Science. Unknown: PH Learning Privert Limited. p45 Munkhjargal, D. (2006). Data analysis. The Relationship Between Mathematical Discourse and the Curriculum. Unknown (3), p90. Patton, M (1990) Qualitative Education and Research Methods. 2nd Ed Newbury Park: Sage Pitney, W Parker, J (2009). Qualitative Research in Physical Activity and the Health Professions. Canada: Unknown. P63-64. Potit, F Beck, C (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research. 8th Ed. Unknown: Walter Klue Health. p285. Saks, M., and Allsop, J., (2007) Researching Health, Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods. London. Sage Sampson, H. (2005). Qualitative Research. Navigating the waves: the usefulness of piloting in research. 4 (3), p383-402. Shenton, Andrew K. â€Å"The analysis of qualitative data in LIS research projects: A possible approach.† Education for Information 22 (2004): 143-162 Unknown. (2014). GOV.UK. Available: https://www.gov.uk/schools-colleges-childrens-services/safeguarding-children. Last accessed 15th Jan 2015. 1